Researchers in London note that high levels of hemoglobin (the protein in blood which transports oxygen) are linked to brain atrophy and neurodegeneration in those with SPMS. https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/articles/1-10/v1
Dr. Zamboni first outlined the similarities between impaired venous drainage in the lower extremities and MS in 2006 in his "Big Idea" paper. Chronic venous insufficiency can cause a breakdown of red blood cells, leading to increased levels of free hemoglobin. Exactly what the London researchers saw 11 years later. #HeartBrainConnection https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1633548/

Impaired venous drainage of the lower extremities, mainly due to venous reflux or to venous outflow obstruction, leads to a cascade of pathological events clinically graded by the clinical class (C) of the CEAP classification (Clinical, aEtiological, Anatomical, Pathophysiological) of chronic venous...