De eerste
resultaten uit Polen.
color Doppler sonography
• about 250 MS patients examined
• venous abnormalities found in ~95%
• most common finding: pathologic valves or membranes in the internal jugular veins (IJV)
• majority of stenoses in the middle part of IJV seemed to be secondary to pathologic valves or to result from external compression
MR venography
• about 100 MS patients examined
• most common finding:
a)stenoses in middle and upper part of IJV
b)signs of impaired outflow on time-of- flight imaging
• pathologic valves and membranes could be visualized only in few patients
Endovascular treatment
• 90patients operated on
• Intraoperativevenographyas the key test for decision making
• Preoperative Dopplerand MRV–as a help to evaluate venous anatomy and to reveal where the problem might be situated
• Stentingonly if absolutely needed(ballooning unsuccessful) and if safe(not for areas with changeable diameter during Valsalva)
Endovascular treatment – procedures for IJV
• No obvious pathology found –3 patients (3%)
• Only balloon angioplasty –57 patients (63%) (31 patients: one IJV; 26 patients: both IJVs)
• Only stenting –19 patients (21%) (18 patients: one IJV; 1 patient: both IJVs)
• Stenting in one IJV and balloon angioplasty of the other vein –12 patients (13%)
Endovascular treatment – additional procedures
• Stenting or angioplasty of azygous vein –6 patient (7%)
• Balloon angioplasty of brachiocephalic vein –2 patients (2%)
• Redo surgeries –3 patients
Endovascular treatment – complications
• 1 minor bleeding from puncture in the goin, 2 days postop
• 1 gastrointestinal bleeding a week postop (clopidogrel?)
• transient headaches following procedure in some patients
• No major pain
• No injury to the nerves
• No problems related to stents
Endovascular treatment – failures of the treatment
• Unsuccessful stenting for hypoplastic upper IJV -1 patient
• Unsuccessful balloon angioplasty for stenosis in the middle part of IJV (probably due to external compression) –3 patients
• Minor success of balloon angioplasty for membranes in the brachiocephalic veins -2 patients
RESULTS –some preliminary impressions
• Follow-ups available only for some patients; however, most of patients reported improvements
• In general: the less disabled patients was, the bigger improvement
• No improvement or recurrence of symptoms may indicate restenosis
Some interesting findings
• Within one hour postop patients’ hands became warm (if cold before treatment) and faces pink (if pale before)
• Bladder control improved within one day postop
• It is difficult to explain these findings in terms of improved nerve function; rather -it is more likely that a blood-released neurotransmitter may play a role (angiotensin ??)