Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche 2012 October;171(5):605-11

Results. The patients diagnose was confirmed based on clinical symptoms and electromyography. Both jugular vein (draining the blood from the brain) and the azygos vein (draining the blood from the spinal cord) were examined by EchoDoppler and venography. In all of the patients with ALS CCSVI was determined- severe stenosis in jugular veins…..

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