In March 2017, in a publication titled "Emerging Roles of Endothelial Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology and Therapy", Dr Steve Alexander, President, International Society for Neurovascular Disease (ISNVD) summed up MS as follows "the complex pathogenesis of MS can only be appreciated when and if vascular contributions are recognized as a significant part of MS etiology. Indeed, many novel therapies for MS target the mechanistically relevant vascular inflammatory features of these conditions and implicate cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) as the failing gatekeeper of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)" Thanks to Peter Sullivan of the MS Network in Australia for this summary.