Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a condition characterized by impaired venous drainage of the brain and spinal cord as a result of outflow obstruction in the extracranial venous system, mainly caused by intraluminal obstacles, defective valves, hypoplasia, and/or compression of the internal jugular veins and/or azygos vein. The knowledge about the pathology characterizing the jugular venous wall in CCSVI condition has been recently increased by a number of papers.
https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/vascular-endovascular-surgery/article.php?cod=R46Y2018N02A0190