Friday, March 4, 2016 7:09 PM
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Venöse Multiple Sklerose, CVI & SVI, CCSVI added 2 new photos.
Anemia & Hypoxia in chronic disease - It all does start in the Gut and Iron Metabolism is ruled & regulated by Copper Status, which again depends on proper Ceruloplasmin levels. "Copper Deficiency Leads to Anemia, Duodenal Hypoxia, Upregulation of HIF-2a and Altered Expression of Iron Absorption Genes in Mice Abstract Iron and copper are essential trace metals, actively absorbed from the proximal gut in a regulated fashion. Depletion of either metal can lead to anemia. In the gut, copper deficiency can affect iron absorption through modulating the activity of hephaestin - a multi-copper oxidase required for optimal iron export from enterocytes. How systemic copper status regulates iron absorption is unknown. Mice were subjected to a nutritional copper deficiency-induced anemia regime from birth and injected with copper sulphate intraperitoneally to correct the anemia. Copper deficiency resulted in anemia, increased duodenal hypoxia and Hypoxia inducible factor 2a (HIF-2a) levels, a regulator of iron absorption. HIF-2a upregulation in copper deficiency appeared to be independent of duodenal iron or copper levels and correlated with the expression of iron transporters (Ferroportin - Fpn, Divalent Metal transporter – Dmt1) and ferric reductase – Dcytb. Alleviation of copper-dependent anemia with intraperitoneal copper injection resulted in down regulation of HIF-2a- regulated iron absorption genes in the gut. Our work identifies HIF-2a as an important regulator of iron transport machinery in copper deficiency." full paper: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0059538.PDF
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